Pilinut Essay Example for Free

Pilinut Essay Our company engages into pilinut business. Pili tart is a very profitable product, it has the so called 3C’s of Bicol pili nut: Competitive (market); Capability (financial); and Capacity (production) (Melchor A Aguilar). Because the Philippines is the only country where the fruit has market. No other country process pili in commercial quantity, meaning, we have the monopoly of processed pili in the foreign market, this kind of business has a very high potential of being successful especially if it will engage in exporting. There are many producers and processors of pili tart in the Bicol region, but this will be very few compared to the world market. Only few of these processors are into exporting business. Pili are very nutritious even as confection. Nutritionally, the kernel is high in calcium, phosphorous, and potassium, and rich in fats and protein. (DOST), so there is no issue to health concious. Our products will be of superior quality associated with the right price so that almost every body can afford it. We will produce product using ingredients of high quality so that it is guaranteed to be tasty and delicious. We will provide products that are not health and environmental hazard but instead a pilinut product that everyone can enjoy and environmental friendly that undergo in the right procedure. We will produce different pilinut products that are best for export, which does not easily spoil, and remain fresh even on long period of time. Pilinut for ordinary people may not be so important, but for a business person like us, pilinut has a long way to go and has a very large market to serve. Profit from this business may be abundant due to the monopoly of the products. We can start at a small capital but the comeback will be great. In not more than three years, we will regain our investment from this business and still continue to grow.

Traditional Litigation and the Non-Traditional Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay Example for Free

Traditional Litigation and the Non-Traditional Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay There are many ways to handle a dispute. Many people chose to use the traditional litigation system, which are lawsuit being brought forth in the courts and some people choose alternative routes which may not always be involved in the court. The formal definition of traditional litigation is â€Å"the process of bringing, maintaining, and defending a lawsuit. This is also called judicial dispute resolution because courts are used to decide the case† (Cheeseman, 2010). Alternative Dispute Resolution is defined as â€Å"methods of resolving disputes other than litigation† (Cheeseman, 2010). Alternative Dispute Resolution By far the most common form of ADR is arbitration, however other types of ADR exist such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, mini-trial, fact-finding, and the use of a judicial referee. â€Å"Negotiation is a procedure whereby the parties to a dispute engage in negotiations to try to reach a voluntary settlement of their dispute† (Cheeseman, 2010). Negotiations can go on for an extended amount of time to ensure that both parties are satisfied. Mediation is another type of ADR in which all parties involved in the issue select and agreed to use neutral third party that assumes the role of an intermediary that between both parties. The sole purpose of this intermediary is to facilitate a settlement between the parties. If an accord is reached by the disputing parties, then a settlement agreement is written and executed by the parties. Conciliation is a method of ADR frequently used when the parties involve do not wish to face each other in a confrontational venue. In this method an interested party known as a conciliator assists the party’s dispute to reach a settlement. The conciliator facilitates this process by the communicating offers and counter-offers of settlement between the two parties. Traditional Litigation System The traditional litigation system is where two parties (defendant and plaintiff) go forward in a court of law to solve a certain issue that they have with each other. In a traditional legal system the contents of the case publicity is not considered because adverse publicity is what is associated with litigation. The expenses in the traditional litigation system can become expensive and costly; this is the reason that some people chose Alternative Dispute Resolutions. Differences between Systems The two legal systems have some major differences. In the ADR system the resolution is usually less formal and less intimidating than in the traditional legal system. The resolutions are quicker and less expensive, the dispute is usually heard by an arbitrator or mediator and at the end of the â€Å"trail† the respondents will receive an opinion which can be filed with the court to become binding and turned into a judgment. The traditional legal system or trials are usually a more formal and slower process. The trials are more expensive because of the length of the trials. Trials are often heard before a judge and the judgments are binding through the court systems. Conclusion A person has to choose to decide which of the legal systems work best for them. It is important for a claimant to compare and contrast the impact that either of the systems would have on their particular situation.

Advantages of RTL, DTL and TTL Logic circuit

Advantages of RTL, DTL and TTL Logic circuit Introduction of Logic Gates A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits. Logic gates are primarily implemented electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays, fluidics, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements. In electronic logic, a logic level is represented by a voltage or current, (which depends on the type of electronic logic in use). Each logic gate requires power so that it can source and sink currents to achieve the correct output voltage. In logic circuit diagrams the power is not shown, but in a full electronic schematic, power connections are required. Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL): Resistor-transistor logic gates use Transistors to combine multiple input signals, which also amplify and invert the resulting combined signal. Often an additional transistor is included to re-invert the output signal. This combination provides clean output signals and either inversion or non-inversion as needed. RTL gates are almost as simple as DL gates, and remain inexpensive. They also are handy because both normal and inverted signals are often available. However, they do draw a significant amount of current from the power supply for each gate. Another limitation is that RTL gates cannot switch at the high speeds used by todays computers, although they are still useful in slower applications. Although they are not designed for linear operation, RTL integrated circuits are sometimes used as inexpensive small-signal amplifiers, or as interface devices between linear and digital circuits. RTL Logic Circuit: Resistor-transistor logic (RTL) is a class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices. RTL is the earliest class of transistorized digital logic circuit used; other classes include diode-transistor logic (DTL) and transistor-transistor logic (TTL). Advantages of RTL Logic circuit: The primary advantage of RTL technology was that it involved a minimum number of transistors, which was an important consideration before integrated circuit technology (that is, in circuits using discrete components), as transistors were the most expensive component to produce. Early IC logic production (such as Fairchilds in 1961) used the same approach briefly, but quickly transitioned to higher-performance circuits such as diode-transistor logic and then transistor-transistor logic (starting 1963 at Sylvania), since diodes and transistors were no more expensive than resistors in the IC. Limitations: The obvious disadvantage of RTL is its high current dissipation when the transistor conducts to overdrive the output biasing resistor. This requires that more current be supplied to and heat be removed from RTL circuits. In contrast, TTL circuits minimize both of these requirements. Lancaster says that integrated circuit RTL NOR gates (which have one transistor per input) may be constructed with any reasonable number of logic inputs, and gives an example of an 8-input NOR gate. A standard integrated circuit RTL NOR gate can drive up to 3 other similar gates. Alternatively, it has enough output to drive up to 2 standard integrated circuit RTL buffers, each of which can drive up to 25 other standard RTL NOR gates. Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL): By letting diodes perform the logical AND or OR function and then amplifying the result with a transistor, we can avoid some of the limitations of RTL. DTL takes diode logic gates and adds a transistor to the output, in order to provide logic inversion and to restore the signal to full logic levels. Diode-transistor logic Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT), diodes and resistors; it is the direct ancestor of transistor-transistor logic. It is called diode-transistor logic because the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed by a diode network and the amplifying function is performed by a transistor (contrast this with RTL and TTL). Operation: With the simplified circuit shown in the picture the negative bias voltage at the base is required to prevent unstable or invalid operation. In an integrated circuit version of the gate, two diodes replace R3 to prevent any base current when one or more inputs are at low logic level. Alternatively to increase fan-out of the gate an additional transistor and diode may be used. The IBM 1401 used DTL circuits almost identical to this simplified circuit, but solved the base bias level problem mentioned above by alternating NPN and PNP based gates operating on different power supply voltages instead of adding extra diodes. Advantages of DTL: One advantage of digital circuits when compared to analog circuits is that signals represented digitally can be transmitted without degradation due to noise. For example, a continuous audio signal, transmitted as a sequence of 1s and 0s, can be reconstructed without error provided the noise picked up in transmission is not enough to prevent identification of the 1s and 0s. An hour of music can be stored on a compact disc as about 6 billion binary digits. In a digital system, a more precise representation of a signal can be obtained by using more binary digits to represent it. While this requires more digital circuits to process the signals, each digit is handled by the same kind of hardware. In an analog system, additional resolution requires fundamental improvements in the linearity and noise charactersitics of each step of the signal chain. Computer-controlled digital systems can be controlled by software, allowing new functions to be added without changing hardware. Often this can be done outside of the factory by updating the products software. So, the products design errors can be corrected after the product is in a customers hands. Information storage can be easier in digital systems than in analog ones. The noise-immunity of digital systems permits data to be stored and retrieved without degradation. In an analog system, noise from aging and wear degrade the information stored. In a digital system, as long as the total noise is below a certain level, the information can be recovered perfectly. Disadvantages: In some cases, digital circuits use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more heat. In portable or battery-powered systems this can limit use of digital systems. For example, battery-powered cellular telephones often use a low-power analog front-end to amplify and tune in the radio signals from the base station. However, a base station has grid power and can use power-hungry, but very flexible software radios. Such base stations can be easily reprogrammed to process the signals used in new cellular standards. Digital circuits are sometimes more expensive, especially in small quantities. The sensed world is analog, and signals from this world are analog quantities. For example, light, temperature, sound, electrical conductivity, electric and magnetic fields are analog. Most useful digital systems must translate from continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals. This causes quantization errors. Quantization error can be reduced if the system stores enough digital data to represent the signal to the desired degree of fidelity. The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem provides an important guideline as to how much digital data is needed to accurately portray a given analog signal. In some systems, if a single piece of digital data is lost or misinterpreted, the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change. Because of the cliff effect, it can be difficult for users to tell if a particular system is right on the edge of failure, or if it can tolerate much more noise before failing. Digital fragility can be reduced by designing a digital system for robustness. For example, a parity bit or other error management method can be inserted into the signal path. These schemes help the system detect errors, and then either correct the errors, or at least ask for a new copy of the data. In a state-machine, the state transition logic can be designed to catch unused states and trigger a reset sequence or other error recovery routine. Embedded software designs that employ Immunity Aware Programming, such as the practice of filling unused program memory with interrupt instructions that point to an error recovery routine. This helps guard against failures that corrupt the microcontrollers instruction pointer which could otherwise cause random code to be executed. Digital memory and transmission systems can use techniques such as error detection and correction to use additional data to correct any errors in transmission and storage. On the other hand, some techniques used in digital systems make those systems more vulnerable to single-bit errors. These techniques are acceptable when the underlying bits are reliable enough that such errors are highly unlikely. TTL Logic Circuit: Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and resistors. It is called transistor-transistor logic because both the logic gating function (e.g., AND) and the amplifying function are performed by transistors (contrast this with RTL and DTL). TTL is notable for being a widespread integrated circuit (IC) family used in many applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer electronics, synthesizers, etc. The designation TTL is sometimes used to mean TTL-compatible logic levels, even when not associated directly with TTL integrated circuits, for example as a label on the inputs and outputs of electronic instruments. *TTL contrasts with the preceding resistor-transistor logic (RTL) and diode-transistor logic (DTL) generations by using transistors not only to amplify the output but also to isolate the inputs. The p-n junction of a diode has considerable capacitance, so changing the logic level of an input connected to a diode, as in DTL, requires considerable time and energy. As shown in the top schematic at right, the fundamental concept of TTL is to isolate the inputs by using a common-base connection, and amplify the function using a common emitter connection. Note that the base of the output transistor is driven high only by the forward-biased base-collector junction of the input transistor. The second schematic adds to this a totem-pole output. When V2 is off (output equals 1), the resistors turn V3 on and V4 off, resulting in a stronger 1 output. When V2 is on, it activates V4, driving 0 to the output. The diode forces the emitter of V3 to ~0.7 V, while V4 base-emitter junction and V2 collector-emitter junction pull its base to a voltage ~0.7, turning it off. By removing pull-up and pull-down resistors from the output stage, this allows the strength of the gate to be increased without proportionally affecting power consumption. TTL is particularly well suited to integrated circuits because the inputs of a gate may all be integrated into a single base region to form a multiple-emitter transistor. Such a highly customized part might increase the cost of a circuit where each transistor is in a separate package, but, by combining several small on-chip components into one larger device, it conversely reduces the cost of implementation on an IC. As with all bipolar logic, a small current must be drawn from a TTL input to ensure proper logic levels. The total current drawn must be within the capacities of the preceding stage, which limits the number of nodes that can be connected (the fanout). All standardized common TTL circuits operate with a 5-volt power supply. A TTL input signal is defined as low when between 0V and 0.8V with respect to the ground terminal, and high when between 2.2V and 5V (precise logic levels vary slightly between sub-types). TTL outputs are typically restricted to narrower limits of between 0V and 0.4V for a low and between 2.6V and 5V for a high, providing 0.4V of noise immunity. Standardization of the TTL levels was so ubiquitous that complex circuit boards often contained TTL chips made by many different manufacturers selected for availability and cost, compatibility being assured; two circuit board units off the same assembly line on different successive days or weeks might have a different mix of brands of chips in the same positions on the board; repair was possible with chips manufactured years (sometimes over a decade) later than original components. Within usefully broad limits, logic gates could be treated as ideal Boolean devices withou t concern for electrical limitations. Advantages of TTL Logic circuit: Advantages of TTL logic family, one should have a basic idea about RTL, DTL etc. Diode logic (DL) uses diodes to implement logical functions like AND and OR. But the disadvantage is that it can not perform NOT operation. As AND and OR are not complete functions by themselves, they can not perform several logic functions without NOT. Hence, there was a need for some device which can perform a NOT function as diodes can not. That device is a transistor. Then came the DTL which uses a transistor along with diodes. As a transistor can act as an inverter, NAND (NOT-AND) NOR (NOT-OR) operations can be performed. But this logic uses several diodes which will slow down its operation. Due to the delay offered by them, the logic levels may sometimes change i. e. 0 t0 1 or 1 to 0. Then came TTL. This logic uses a multi emitter transistor, a transistor with many emitter terminals. As every emitter is nothing but a diode, this logic eliminates the use of all diodes. This is the major advantage. As transistor becomes ON and OFF much rapidly than a diode, switching time will be faster. TTL, or Transistor-transistor logic replaced resistor-transistor logic, and used much less power. The TTL family is very fast and reliable, and newer faster, less power-consuming, etc. types are always being developed. In TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), think that the device using this technology is made from several transistors. Another advantage is that many more chips employ this REFRENCES: www.wikipidia.com www.google.com www.sparnotes.com

Hydroelectric Energy :: essays research papers

Hydroelectric energy potentially is the result of a fortunate coincidence in which nature and the need to modernize, are combined together in an on- going cycle. The cycle being evaporated, precipitation and concentration. Having water, though, does not necessarily mean having hydroelectric potential. To be in usable form, that water must be in continuous supply, accessible and concentrated in rivers with a volume flows and a descent rate, sufficient to drive generating turbines. The only way that this system would become non-renewable would logically be if the lakes, rivers and streams dried up, therefore the resource of water becoming unavailable. The likeliness of this happening in our lifetime is next to nothing, especially in Ontario and Quebec. These areas have and abundance of lakes and down-falling rivers. Availability The availability of water in this area of the world is great. Being able to have water flowing on a downward slope is another story. It is useless if it is not flowing. The steeper the water flows, the more electricity it will produce. Hydroelectric plants can be turned into what are called peaking units in areas where power plants and high populations exist. That is because electricity demand in an area can vary widely over a period of time, sources that can easily be turned on or off are needed to meet demand peeks. Environmental Concerns Large dame change a self-regulating ecological system into one that must be managed. Placed on a river without thought to their upstream and downstream impacts they can bring disaster. Because lakes cannot survive some of the abuses that rivers can, traditional farming and waste disposal practices must be changed. The dams themselves can be threatened by the silting of reservoirs caused by soil erosion, which may destroy a dams ability to store water and generate energy. Dams can endanger little known plant and animal species. Many tropical plants or animals with potentially high economic value will be lost forever if dam reservoirs are built, because so many tropical species have be yet to be named. Even where threatened species have been indented, pressure to destroy their habitats can be irresistible. Where fish species migrate long distances to breed, dams can decrease their stocks. The Columbia river salmon fisheries in North America declined sharply after dams were built there, despite programs to build fish ladders and restock the river. How much is there? In different areas of the world, water can range to an abundance of it, to none at all. With the hydrologic cycle there will always be the same amount of water on Earth. It will just be distributed differently throughout the biosphere. Hydroelectricity can not be created unless there id Hydroelectric Energy :: essays research papers Hydroelectric energy potentially is the result of a fortunate coincidence in which nature and the need to modernize, are combined together in an on- going cycle. The cycle being evaporated, precipitation and concentration. Having water, though, does not necessarily mean having hydroelectric potential. To be in usable form, that water must be in continuous supply, accessible and concentrated in rivers with a volume flows and a descent rate, sufficient to drive generating turbines. The only way that this system would become non-renewable would logically be if the lakes, rivers and streams dried up, therefore the resource of water becoming unavailable. The likeliness of this happening in our lifetime is next to nothing, especially in Ontario and Quebec. These areas have and abundance of lakes and down-falling rivers. Availability The availability of water in this area of the world is great. Being able to have water flowing on a downward slope is another story. It is useless if it is not flowing. The steeper the water flows, the more electricity it will produce. Hydroelectric plants can be turned into what are called peaking units in areas where power plants and high populations exist. That is because electricity demand in an area can vary widely over a period of time, sources that can easily be turned on or off are needed to meet demand peeks. Environmental Concerns Large dame change a self-regulating ecological system into one that must be managed. Placed on a river without thought to their upstream and downstream impacts they can bring disaster. Because lakes cannot survive some of the abuses that rivers can, traditional farming and waste disposal practices must be changed. The dams themselves can be threatened by the silting of reservoirs caused by soil erosion, which may destroy a dams ability to store water and generate energy. Dams can endanger little known plant and animal species. Many tropical plants or animals with potentially high economic value will be lost forever if dam reservoirs are built, because so many tropical species have be yet to be named. Even where threatened species have been indented, pressure to destroy their habitats can be irresistible. Where fish species migrate long distances to breed, dams can decrease their stocks. The Columbia river salmon fisheries in North America declined sharply after dams were built there, despite programs to build fish ladders and restock the river. How much is there? In different areas of the world, water can range to an abundance of it, to none at all. With the hydrologic cycle there will always be the same amount of water on Earth. It will just be distributed differently throughout the biosphere. Hydroelectricity can not be created unless there id

Rat Bite Fever Essay -- streptobacillus moniliformis, rna

One of the main causes of the disease known as Rat Bite Fever is from infection by the bacteria Streptobacillus moniliformis. This bacterium is commonly the cause of the disease in North America (Elliot, 2007). This disease is typically difficult to diagnose, leading to a delay in treatment and unnecessary increase in the severity of its symptoms. Cases of rat bite fever are rather rare in North America, and those resulting in death are even less common, making the study of its pathogenesis difficult. In order to better understanding this disease, work is being done to annotate the genome of the bacterium. Gene annotation is a process in which biological information is attached to a single gene or genomic sequence. Oftentimes, this is initially done automatically via computer analysis, and then later is manually annotated. That is the case here, where an automatic annotation has been performed for many of the genes within the S. moniliformis genome (Nolan, 2009), but it is necessary to manually annotate the genome in order to better understand the biological processes. The manual annotation includes identifying or confirming the gene’s role in coding, gene expression, biochemical function, and many other functions (Stein, 2001). Smon_0852 & Smon_0853: Smon_0852 is annotated as a Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase region, which is involved in the biological process, RNA processing, and its molecular function is ATP binding, RNA binding, hydrolase activity, and nucleotidyl transferase, according to GO. Pfam identifies that Smon_0852 is a part of the Protein domains Poly A polymerase head and Nudix family. The Poly A polymerase head domain is involved in adding the poly (A) tail to mRNA (Cao, 1992). The Nudix family is ... ...l structure of NGO0477 from Neisseria gonorrhoeae reveals a novel protein fold incorporating a helix-turn-helix motif. Proteins 78:1798-1802(2010). Stein, L. (2001). "Genome annotation: from sequence to biology". Nature Reviews Genetics 2 (7): 493–503.doi:10.1038/35080529. PMID 11433356. Tscherne, J.S., Nurse, K., Popienick, P., Michel, H., Sochacki, M. and Ofengand, J. "Purification, cloning, and characterization of the 16S RNA m5C967 methyltransferase from Escherichia coli". Biochemistry 38:1884–1892(1999). Yau, K. Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channels: an expanding new family of ion channels Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91(9): 3481–3483 (1994). Zhang H, Huang K, Li Z, Banerjei L, Fisher KE, Grishin NV, Eisenstein E, Herzberg O, Crystal structure of YbaK protein from Haemophilus influenzae (HI1434) at 1.8 A resolution: functional implications. Proteins 40:86-97(2000).

Bank Accounts, Joint or Separate? :: essays research papers

Introduction The topic I chose to discuss is if couples have separate bank accounts and if they have arrived at this solution after trying to use a single account or if this was their first attempt at martial checking. I chose this topic because I always had the notion that a married couple should have a joint bank account, meaning that their finances just like them were intertwined and inseparable. After I was married to the love of my life, I noticed the concepts and methods we practiced regarding the monthly budget and our finances were vastly different and at times conflicting. She was brought up in a household where her parents never discussed budgets or savings, they just spent their money on whatever they wanted and when the money ran out, they would barrow to continue spending. I was brought up in a poor household where we had to scrimp and save to make ends meat. I’m sure you can figure that this was the source of a lot of conflict and hard ship in the first years of our marriage. We had tried many different techniques to settle things, but no matter what we tried conflict still arose on how the money was spent and when it was spent. Finally after researching the topic and talking to mother married couples who I knew and respected, I came to the conclusion that no matter what my personal opinion on how the finances should be, my wife and I were never going to agree on this and that I should look for another solution instead of trying to indoctrinate her with my philosophy. One of piece of advice I was given was to split up the family budget in whatever ratio is necessary and allocate the money accordingly. This resulted in my wife being put over the groceries, clothing, and school needs for the family and I was put over the rest of the bills (mortgage, insurance, phone, etc.). I also tried to find a way to tuck a little money away each month into a savings account. Since the inception of this solution we had two separate bank accounts which has resulted in my less conflict and we have been able to put money away for the future for the first time in our marital history. I wanted to research if this problem was common or not given the diversity of financial backgrounds now in society.

Predictive Modeling Decision Tree

Predict ‘kicks’ or bad purchases using Carvana – Cleaned and Sampled. jmp file. Create a validation data set with 50% of the data. Use Decision Tree, Regression and Neural Network approached for building predictive models. Perform a comparative analysis of the three competing models on validation data set. Write down your final conclusions on which model performs the best, what is the best cut-off to use, and what is the ‘value-added’ from conducting predictive modeling?Upload the saved file with the assignment. I created 6 models for this project, which are DT1, DT2, Reg1, Reg2, Reg3, and NN. After testing, the parameters I used to predict â€Å"IsBadBuy† in all my models are: PurchDate, Auction, VehicleAge, Transmission, WheelType, VehOdo, All â€Å"MMRs†, VehBCost, IsOnlineSale, and WarrantyCost. Those parameters together can help me get better models (i. e. ROC Area > 0. 7) I used the cut-off of 0. 6, because after trying out other c ut-offs such as 0. 5, 0. 7, and 0. , the results were either â€Å"I’m eliminating too many Good Buys†, or â€Å"I’m accepting too many Bad Buys†. As we know, both of the situations will affect the business (i. e. if we want stronger confident of the model, we will have too many 0s in the result, which means we may accept more Bad Buys in accident). Finally, I decided to use 0. 6 as my cut-off to balance the situation. The best model I chose is Reg2 (Forward regression model). I have two reasons: First, Reg2 has the largest ROC Area in the Logistic Fit compression (Saved as â€Å"Lodistic1~6†), which is 0. 478; Second, it has a relatively low (the second smallest) number in the FalseNegative box from the Contingency Table among all models. For my second reason, I didn’t use overall accuracy because I think the FalseNegative will damage the business more than FalsePossitive does. Because accidentally having a BadBuy will cost the company to d o all require and fix job. For the Value-added calculation, as we can see in the Contingency tables (Saved as â€Å"Contingency 1~6†), the Baseline Accuracy is 49. 89. The accuracy of Reg2 is 82. 49. So the Reg2 provides the lift value of 82. 49/49. 89 = 1. 653.