Sand Drawing Essay Example For Students

Sand Drawing Essay Sand Drawing take it that expressions object is to light up the world in another manner, incite a response, and by one way or another adjust the awareness of the onlooker _ Sand craftsmanship unquestionably succeeds this reason. The first run through observed an exhibition of this specific workmanship, was paved_ Its fragile yet mind boggling execution makes the granular stuff sufficiently vocal to mix a reasoning soul. Sand drawing is an In-Vaunt aesthetic and custom convention and practice perceived by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a gem of the oral and impalpable legacy Of humankind. The name sand craftsmanship compactly clarifies the medium however neglects to explain the moving miracle that it figures out how to rouse. It is consistently in steady movement, developing each second, sand workmanship includes support as the onlooker observes live execution craftsmanship made before them. The entirety of the bends, circles, lines and circles are totally associated with structure a plan that recounts to a story. It is essential to finish the structure smoothly and constantly, halting in the center is viewed as a defect in the drawing. Frequently a matrix is attracted the sand and afterward a structure is made with the network as a system. Now and again the matrix is included straight lines and different occasions it is made from an example of spots. A considerable lot of the structures are finished in a persistent line that closes where it starts. Others are made out of a gathering to evenly orchestrated lines. These geometrical figures were viewed as one of the most critical social discoveries by Bernard Deacon, an English Anthropologist. In a letter to his kindred Anthropologist he composed: Ive positively never observed or heard anything like it. He ran over complex plans attracted the sand and in the residue of volcanic debris fields. He chose to record the drawings and their implications as he went through Malamute, Mamba, Amber, Panama, Pentecost, Meow, Pep, and the Banks Islands. A portion of these drawings depict the quality and characters of mythic saints. Others recount the universe of spirits. There are some sand drawings that are pictures Of plants or creatures. Others are utilized for motivations behind correspondence and replace numbers or expressions. In other sand drawings a significant subject is the normal world that encompasses us. There is positively otherworldliness to the work and its brief nature talks volume. LINES depicts sand drawing as a rich and dynamic realistic custom which has created as a methods for correspondence among the individuals from somewhere in the range of 80 diverse language bunches occupying the focal and northern islands of Vaunt. The drawings additionally work as mental helpers to record and transmit customs, fanciful legend and an abundance of oral data about nearby accounts, cosmologies, connection frameworks, tune cycles, cultivating strategies, engineering and specialty structure, and choreographic examples. Most sand drawings forces a few capacities and layers of significance: they would he be able to peruse as aesthetic works, vaults to implication, outline tort stories, marks, or essentially alleviates and objects of examination, The Vaunt Cultural Center has noted sand drawings substance and profound sense is having a tendency to vanish.

Excercise Essay Example

Excercise Paper Installments you made to Davits Salon for your hair and make up. 7. Acquisition of stocks and bonds by a financial specialist. 0 8. Creation and offer of weed 9. Development off new industrial facility straight private endeavor. 0 10. Acquisition of imported chocolates by customers. 0 1 . Vegetables created in the lawn and devoured by the family unit. 0 12. Deals of recycled vehicles. EX. 3. Deals by Intel Philippines of semiconductors to the US. 0 14. Deals of a San Miguel Brewery in Hong Kong to the Chinese Mainland. 0 15. Deals by Motile of vehicle batteries to Ionians Philippines II.. Show to which the accompanying things have a place by composing GAP for Gross Domestic Product, GNP for Gross National Product. Both for a thing that is remembered for both GAP and GNP. BOTH 1 Salary of your instructor in Economics. BOTH 2. Christmas reward paid to government workers of the Philippines. BOTH 3. Clinical protection premium paid to a Filipino insurance agency in Magmata. Hole 4. Consultancy expense of a US researcher working in the Philippines. GNP 5. Compensations of abroad Filipinos in Hong Kong. GNP 6. Benefits of San Miguel in Hong Kong. Hole 7. Benefits of LOS investor of Intel Philippines. GNP 8. Rental pay of a Filipino who possesses a loft in the US. BOTH 9. Rental pay off Filipino possessed apartment suite in Vito Cruz. Hole 10. Pay of the Japanese leader of Honda Philippines. II. Fill in the spaces. 1. A steel organization offers some steel to a bike organization for $150. The bike organization utilizes the steel to deliver a bike, which it sells for $250. Taken together, these two exchanges contribute the amount to GAP? Keeps an eye on. $250 2. Assume there are just two firms in an economy: Rolling Rawhide produces rawhide and offers it to Cheney Chomp, Inc. , which utilizes the rawhide to create and sell hound bites. We will compose a custom article test on Excercise explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Excercise explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Excercise explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer With each 52 of rawhide that it purchases from Rolling Rawhide, Chewy Chomp, Inc. Produces a canine bite and sells it for $5. Neither one of the firms had any stock toward the start of 2008. During that year, Rolling Rawhide created enough rawhide for 1000 canine bites. Chewy Chomp, Inc. Purchased 75% of that rawhide for $1500 and vowed to purchase the staying 25% for $500 in 2009. Chewy Chomp, Inc. Delivered 750 canine bites during 2008 and sold every one during that year for $5. What was the economy GAP for 2008? Keeps an eye on. $4250 IV. The table beneath contains information for the nation of Crete for the year 2010. All out salary $5731 Household acquisition of tough merchandise 1108 Household acquisition of nondurable products $702 Household acquisition Of Nan-training administrations $203 Household acquisition of instruction administrations $302 Household acquisition of new lodging $816 Purchases of capital hardware $333 Inventory changes $75 Purchases of new structures $267 Depreciation $401 Local government spending on products and ventures $236 State government spending on products and enterprises $419 Federal government spending on products and enterprises $1182 Transfer installments $707 Foreign acquisition of locally delivered merchandise $217 Domestic acquisition Of remote merchandise $129 1. What was Crates GAP in 2010? Keeps an eye on. $5731 2. What was Crates utilization in 2010? Keeps an eye on. $2315 3. What was Crates interest in 2010? Keeps an eye on. $ 1491 4. What were Crates government buys in 2010? Keeps an eye on. $1837 5. What were Crates net fares in 201 0? Keeps an eye on. $88 V. The table underneath contains information for the nation of Fatherland, which delivers just waffles and flapjacks. The base year is 2009. Year Price of Waffles Quantity of Waffles Price of Pancakes Quantity of Pancakes 2008 $2. 00 100 $1. 00 2009 120 150 2010 $3. 00 200 201 1 $4. 00 180 220 1. In 2008, this countrys ostensible GAP was $300 2. In 2009, this countrys ostensible GAP was $540 3. In 2008, this countys genuine GAP was $400 4. In 2009, this countrys genuine GAP was $540 5. In 2010, this countrys genuine GAP was $700 In 2011, this countrys genuine GAP was $800 6. 7. 2008, this countrys GAP deflator was $75 8. In 2009, this countrys GAP deflator was 100 In 2010, this countrys GAP deflator was 128. 6 9. 10. In 201 1, this countrys GAP deflator was 172. 5 11. From 2010 to 2011, this countrys yield grew 14. 3%. 12. This countrys swelling rate from 2008 to 2009 was 33. 3%. 13. This countrys expansion rate from 2010 to 201 1 was 34. . VI. The table underneath relates to Knapsack, an economy wherein the run of the mill buyers bushel comprises of 2 pads and 15 wieners. Cost of a Pillow cost of a Hotdogs $40 $3 $45 $4 $50 . In the event that the base year is 2009, at that point the customer value list was 100 of every 2009, 2. 120 out of 2010, and 3. 116 of every 201 1. 4. In the event that the base year is 2009, at that point the economy expansion rate in 2010 is 20 percent. 5. The ICP was 96 of every 1982, and the ICP was 208 out of 2010. What amount of cash would you have required in 201 0 so as to purchase what you could have purchased with $500 in 1982? Keeps an eye on. $1 ,083. 33 6. The purchaser value file was 25 of every 2006 and 234 out of 2007. The ostensible financing cost during this period was 6. 5 percent. What was the genuine loan cost during this period? Keeps an eye on. 2. 5 percent 7. On the off chance that Philippine genuine GAP develops by 7% while its populace develops by 2%, at that point genuine per capita pay will develop by 5%8. What's more, its per capita salary utilizing the standard of 70 will twofold in 14 years. 9. In one day Madison Laundry washed 4,000 pounds of clothing with 5 laborers who each worked 8 hours. What was its efficiency? Keeps an eye on. 1 00 pounds of clothing for each hour 10. Stock in Creole Cuisine Restaurants is selling at $25 per share. Creole Cuisine had profit Of $5 an offer and a profit yield Of 5 percent. The profit is $1. 25 11. While the PIE proportion 5. VII. Assume that in a shut economy GAP is equivalent to 1. 000, charges are equivalent to 2,500 utilization rises to 7,500 and government buys equivalent 2,000. 1. Private sparing = 1000 2. Open sparing = 500 3. National sparing = 1500 Assume the accompanying data for a fanciful, shut economy. Hole $120,000; utilization $70,000; private sparing $9,000; national sparing = $12,000. 4. For this economy, venture adds up to $12,000. 5. The administration is running a financial plan (deficiency, excess) surplus 6. Al to $3000. 7. For this economy, government buys sum to $38,000. 8. For this economy, charges add up to $41*000. 1 . Assume the market for alienable assets is in harmony and the administration raises the duty on the premium earned by savers. This will cause (request, flexibly) gracefully for alienable assets to (increment, decline) decline _ so that the (request, flexibly) flexibly bend movements (to one side, right) left. In the new balance, the genuine loan fee is (higher, lower) higher and the harmony amount of alienable assets (builds, diminishes) diminishes. In he new harmony sparing is (more noteworthy than, equivalent to, not exactly) equivalent to venture. 2. Assume the market for alienable assets is in harmony and the administration evacuates the expense motivators it used to give firms that utilized their benefits to contribute.. This will cause (request, flexibly) interest for alienable assets to (increment, decline) decline so that the (request, gracefully) request bend movements (to one side, right) left. In the new harmony, the genuine loan cost is (higher, lower) higher and the balance amount of alienable assets (builds, diminishes) diminishes.. 3. Assume the administration financial plan is at first adjusted and the market for alienable assets is in balance when the legislature diminishes its spending and causes a spending excess. This will cause (request, gracefully) flexibly for alienable assets to (increment, decline) increment so that the (request, gracefully) gracefully bend movements (to one side, right) right. In the new harmony, the genuine financing cost is (higher, lower) lower and the balance amount of alienable assets (builds, diminishes) increments. In the new harmony private speculation is (higher, lower) higher. IX. Utilize the accompanying table to fill in the spaces. Numbers are in millions. Absolute Population of working age: 139. 7 Number of Unemployed: Number of utilized: 57 92. 3 a. The work power is 98 million. B. The quantity of people not in the work power is 41. 7 million. C. The work power cooperation rate is 70 percent. D. The joblessness rate is 5. 8 percent. X. The figure underneath shows a chart of the work advertise when a lowest pay permitted by law is forced. 1. On the off chance that the market for laborers is in balance at $5. 00 every hour as appeared in this outline, the quantity of laborers jobless is zero. 2. A lowest pay permitted by law of $8. 00 every hour will expand joblessness by what number of laborers? 600 specialists.

DegreeWorks - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

DegreeWorks - UGA Undergraduate Admissions DegreeWorks All undergraduate students at UGA now have access to DegreeWorks, a web-based tool used to assist students in monitoring progress toward degree completion. This program combines degree requirements and coursework completed into an easy-to-read worksheet which helps students see how courses completed satisfy requirements as well as what courses are still needed to complete the degree. DegreeWorks is not meant to replace academic advising, rather it is a tool that can be utilized to help facilitate and aid academic advising. All new students should have access to DegreeWorks as soon as your MyID has been created. If you have completed college coursework prior to enrolling at UGA, use this program to see how your courses transferred and how they are satisfying your degree requirements. Do you have AP/IB/SAT II scores that you have submitted to UGA? Log in to see what credit you have received for these scores. Make your advising appointment more efficient at Orientation by logging in now!

Pros And Cons For Drugs - 1605 Words

The Pros and Cons for â€Å"Me-Too† Drugs in the Drug Discovery Process Introduction: What are â€Å"me-too† drugs? According to Segen’s Medical Dictionary (2012); â€Å"Me-too† drug is a popular term for a generic medication that has the similar formulation and similar indications as a therapeutic agent that the FDA has previously approved. But are â€Å"me-too† drugs really the same as generic drugs? To understand the pros and cons of â€Å"Me-too† Drugs we need to: Explain the FDA’s standards of approval and how brand and generic drugs are developed for FDA approval. Use the Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT ANALYSIS) to analyze the rationale for â€Å"me-too† drugs and: - find reasons why pharmaceutical companies make â€Å"me too† drugs. - Show cost effectiveness and affordability through the economic evaluation of â€Å"me-too† drugs 1. Clinical drug development has a high rate of failure due to: †¢ The complexness of the human body with multiple biochemical pathways that may be involved in diseases. †¢ The challenges of designing therapeutic new small or large molecular entities (NMEs). †¢ Circumstantial difficulties such as budgets, limited resources, expertise, experience and a need for a diverse patient population 2. The Drug Production Pipeline Bottleneck The standard method used in the development of new treatments is the randomized clinical trial. The research and development process goes through several phases, takes approximately 17 years and may cost investors anShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Drugs970 Words   |  4 Pageslegalization of all forms of drugs. Studies have shown the positive and negative long-term consequences of drug use. In the following we will discuss pros and cons: Pros: 1) The legalization of drugs can create tax revenue for the government. 2) It can reduce government expenditures 3) The ill may benefit First, the government can benefit from the tax revenue coming from the sale of drugs. Higher taxes can be added to the manufactures that are providing the drugs. From there that money can beRead MorePros And Cons Of War On Drugs889 Words   |  4 PagesWar on Drugs Introduction In 1971, President Nixon created the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 commonly known as the War on Drugs. The war on drugs was implemented to combat production, distribution, and consumption of illegal drugs (Olaya Angel, 2017). In 2007, law enforcement officers made approximately two million drug arrests in the United States (Potter, 2014). Supporters state that the war on drugs was successful because it lowered some drug users in the UnitedRead MorePros And Cons Of Drug Legalization1914 Words   |  8 Pages Pros and Cons of Drug Legalization With the onslaught of states slowly legalizing the commercialization and use of marijuana after the passing of sanctioning initiatives led by Colorado and Washington in 2012, societal attitudes have begun to support this movement in the decriminalization of marijuana for personal use. Based on the 2014 midterms, momentum for this change has been shown in different parts of the U.S., with states such as Oregon, Alaska, and Washington D.C. joining this causeRead MorePros and Cons of Drug Legalization Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Drug Legalization Should drugs be legalized ? Drugs are resources that are capable of affecting theAmerican economy in many ways--both positively and negatively. Drugs often have a bad name even though they help us everyday in medical cases. and the drugs with the worst reputations are not the most abused drugs One may benefit from the legalization of drugs in many ways, while others would suffer greatly. Almost every person in the United States has their ownRead MorePros And Cons Of Juvenile Drug Courts1589 Words   |  7 Pages Drug Courts Haley Klimesh Community-Based Corrections September 29, 2017 Drug Courts Drug courts are problem solving courts that take a public health approach using a specialized model in which the judiciary, prosecution, defense bar, probation, law enforcement, mental health, social service, and treatment communities work together to help addicted offenders into long-term recovery. Drug courts began in 1989 in Florida, because it was assumed that people that had first timeRead MorePros and Cons of Recreational Drug Use Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesIt is no secret that drug use has the ability to completely alter a person’s state of consciousness, whether it be through extreme euphoria, increased hyperactivity, pain relief or psychedelic hallucinations. Although many drugs are used for medical purposes, the global issue of recreational drug use is now being fronted as an extremely serious matter that is steadily on the uprise. Recreational drug use is often associated with negativity, addiction and as having serious physical and mental repercussionsRead Mor eEssay The Pros and Cons of Using Sports Enhancing Drugs 741 Words   |  3 PagesDrugs are good for you so you can get better at the sports you love and get stronger and get faster and faster and faster â€Å"brah† you can get as big as you can you could look like a balloon animal like really really big balloon animal thats why I think drugs should be good for you. People could use steroids, cocaine, marijuana, heroin, meth, and a lot more of drugs to use. So the players get pumped for the game. Its like their coffee in the morning to like wake up and get ready. The sports thatRead MorePros And Cons Of Mandatory Minimum Sentences1008 Words   |  5 Pagesleast a minimum number of years in prison. The article I picked to review is an article on mandatory minimum sentences. The article reviews the pros and cons of mandatory sentencing. I will go over the pros and cons described in the article and give my opinion on how I feel about them. Staring with the pros of mandatory minimum sentences, the first pro is that mandatory minimum sentences discourage people from committing crimes. In the United States reportedly experienced a drop in crime whenRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?935 Words   |  4 PagesI never dreamed that one-day people could walk into a retail store and buy marijuana! The states of Colorado and Washington are already allowing this (Pro Con 2014 p.20). I feel strongly that the drug marijuana should not be legalized. Marijuana is classified as a Schedule I drug (Pro Con 2014 p.19). When Colorado legalized this their â€Å"state went from the healthiest in the nation to one with thousands of mostly young adults in need of medical treatment (Congressional 2014 p.5). To me this isRead MoreThe Prison System And The Jail System1352 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical action memo that I will be discussing is about the jail system. First, I will define the jail system, and what this system can do for the citizens. Second address the cons and pros about the jail system by illustrating the topic into main bullet points. Third, voice my thoughts about the jail system with adding pros and cons to a political action I should address, and concluding which action I am going to take to further y concern about the jail system. When hearing about the jail system, this

About the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance of countries from Europe and North America promising collective defense. Currently numbering 29 nations, NATO was formed initially to counter the communist East and has searched for a new identity in the post-Cold War world. Background In the aftermath of the Second World War, with ideologically opposed Soviet armies occupying much of Eastern Europe and fears still high over German aggression, the nations of Western Europe searched for a new form of military alliance to protect themselves. In March 1948 the Brussels Pact was signed between France, Britain, Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg, creating a defence alliance called the Western European Union, but there was a feeling that any effective alliance would have to include the US and Canada. In the US there was widespread concern about both the spread of Communism in Europe – strong Communist parties had formed in France and Italy - and potential aggression from Soviet armies, leading the US to seek talks about an Atlantic alliance with the west of Europe. The perceived need for a new defensive unit to rival the Eastern bloc was exacerbated by the Berlin Blockade of 1949, leading to an agreement that same year with many nations from Europe. Some nations opposed membership and still do, e.g. Sweden, Ireland. Creation, Structure, and Collective Security NATO was created by the North Atlantic Treaty, also called the Washington Treaty, which was signed on April 5th 1949. There were twelve signatories, including the United States, Canada and Britain (full list below). The head of NATOs military operations is the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, a position always held by an American so their troops don’t come under foreign command, answering to the North Atlantic Council of ambassadors from member nations, which is led by the Secretary General of NATO, who is always European. The centrepiece of the NATO treaty is Article 5, promising collective security: an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all; and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The German Question The NATO treaty also allowed for the alliance’s expansion among European nations, and one of the earliest debates among NATO members was the German question: should West Germany (the East was under rival Soviet control) be re-armed and allowed to join NATO. There was opposition, invoking the recent German aggression which caused World War Two, but in May 1955 Germany was allowed to join, a move which caused upset in Russia and led to the formation of the rival Warsaw Pact alliance of Eastern communist nations. NATO and the Cold War NATO had, in many ways, been formed to secure West Europe against the threat of Soviet Russia, and the Cold War of 1945 to 1991 saw an often tense military standoff between NATO on one side and the Warsaw Pact nations on the other. However, there was never a direct military engagement, thanks in part to the threat of nuclear war; as part of NATO agreements nuclear weapons were stationed in Europe. There were tensions within NATO itself, and in 1966 France withdrew from the military command established in 1949. Nevertheless, there was never a Russian incursion into the western democracies, in large part due to the NATO alliance. Europe was very familiar with an aggressor taking one country after another thanks for the late 1930s and did not let it happen again. NATO After the Cold War The end of the Cold War in 1991 led to three major developments: the expansion of NATO to include new nations from the former Eastern bloc (full list below), the re-imagining of NATO as a ‘co-operative security’ alliance able to deal with European conflicts not involving member nations and the first use of NATO forces in combat. This first occurred during the Wars of the Former Yugoslavia, when NATO used air-strikes first against Bosnian-Serb positions in 1995, and again in 1999 against Serbia, plus the creation of a 60,000 peace keeping force in the region. NATO also created the Partnership for Peace initiative in 1994, aimed at engaging and building trust with ex-Warsaw Pact nations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and later the nations from the Former Yugoslavia. Other 30 countries have so far joined, and ten have become full members of NATO. NATO and the War on Terror: The conflict in the former Yugoslavia had not involved a NATO member state, and the famous clause 5 was first – and unanimously - invoked in 2001 after terrorist attacks on the United States, leading to NATO forces running peace-keeping operations in Afghanistan. NATO has also created the Allied Rapid Reaction Force (ARRF) for faster responses. However, NATO has come under pressure in recent years from people arguing it should be scaled down, or left to Europe, despite the increase in Russian aggression in the same period. NATO might still be searching for a role, but it played a huge role in maintaining the status quo in the Cold War, and has potential in a world where Cold War aftershocks keep happening.   Member States 1949 Founder Members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France (withdrew from military structure 1966), Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States1952: Greece (withdrew from military command 1974 – 80), Turkey1955: West Germany (With East Germany as reunified Germany from 1990)1982: Spain1999: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland2004: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia2009: Albania, Croatia2017: Montenegro

Ph Scale Free Essays

The pH Scale is a scale made to show how acidic or alkaline a substance is. The pH of something is measured with pH paper which can vary from wide range paper, which covers all ph’s, but is not as accurate at some others. There are pH papers that get very specific that can have a range such as 2 or 3 and get much more precise. We will write a custom essay sample on Ph Scale or any similar topic only for you Order Now The neutral on the scale is 7. Anything that is below 7 is considered acidic and anything above 7 is considered alkaline. Acidic substances contain more H+ than OH-. H+ stands for a positively charged hydrogen ion and OH- stands means a negatively charged hydroxide ion. This means something with the pH level of 4 is more acidic than something with the pH level of 9. When an acidic substance is out into another substance the original substance turns more and more acidic. The acids will begin to break down the proteins. The opposite happens with an Alkaline substance. The Alkaline has a negative charge so when placed into a substance it pushes the substance away and then quickly blends in. The proteins do not get broken down, they all mix together and become paler. The reason why pH is important in biology is because the pH of a cells interior helps regulate the cell’s chemical reactions. The cells in the human body need to regulate the chemical reactions in order to grow and to survive. For example, urine has the pH level of 6, which is slightly acidic, and blood has the pH level of about 7. 4 which is slightly alkaline. When the pH of blood changes it is often caused from a failed kidney function. Humans are not the only thing with pH in them however. All living animals have pH inside of them, however our blood pH’s and theirs can vary greatly. Animals such as crabs and clams have a acidic blood pH. Others like dogs have a blood that has a pH level that is alkaline. Conclusion: After observing the effects of an Alkaline and acidic substance on a neutral substance I am able to conclude that the pH level changes. When an Alkaline substance is added to a neutral substance the pH level rises due to the amounts of OH-. Eventually the pH level did even out. When the alkaline substance is added it also causes the substance to loose color. The Acidic substance has quite the opposite effect. When added to the milk the milks pH level dropped and became acidic. The milk became a grayish color and began to chunk up. Eventually the milks pH level did level off and the milk became more like a liquid again. With this being said when an acidic or alkaline substance is added to something, they not only change the pH level, but also they change the appearance. How to cite Ph Scale, Papers

The book 1776 free essay sample

The book starts off with the battle of Bunker Hill, where the Americans are defeated by the British. The Americans recovered and attempted an attack on Boston. The British were caught by surprise, causing them to surrender and retreat back to England on their ships. The American spirit could not be any higher and Washington earned many great honors. After returning back from England, the British victory would no longer last. They had with them a substandard navy that would leave the America’s speechless. America’s then went to New York and lost Boston with no trouble. The British highly underestimated the Americans and thought they could defeat them without any problems. Americans were then forced to retreat to New Jersey, causing them to lose valuable territories. Many Americans contradicted themselves and went back to the British to show their loyalty towards the king. The British then had many more defeats and retreats by General Washington and his inexperienced army. We will write a custom essay sample on The book 1776 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While British had many navy based ports, Washington was suffering from his loss with other states. Washington’s army soon began to doubt him, but kept everyone all together. The turning point came when Washington demanded his army to cross the Delaware River and then began the Battle of Trenton. It was the first battle that gave the Americans hope for the cause after the British evacuation of Boston in 1775. Washington was beginning to become a mythical figure after he led the defeat of the British and pushed them back out of Trenton. 1776 focuses tightly on the events of one single year, one that saw 13 colonies of British North America break with the mother country and commence the long and bloody struggle to form a new nation. McCulloughs account brings us closer than ever to the familiar figures of the conflict, such as George Washington and King George III, while introducing us to a larger cast of characters whose lives history has nearly overlooked, the soldiers and citizens whose sacrifices made the new republic possible. On its publication in 2005, McCulloughs 1776 received glowing reviews and became an instant bestseller. David McCullough was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a student at Yale he met the author Thornton Wilder, and after considering careers in politics and in the arts, was inspired to become an author. After college McCullough moved to New York City and worked as an editorial assistant at Sports Illustrated. Swept up by the excitement of the Kennedy era, he moved to Washington and became an editor and writer at the United States Information Agency. In 1964, he became a full time editor and writer for American Heritage. He wrote his first book at night and on weekends while working full time. The Johnstown Flood, inspired by the great catastrophe that struck his native region in 1889, was an unexpected bestseller in 1968. Its success emboldened him to quit his job and commit to a full time writing career. Since then he has published a series of many different types of history and biography books, all of which have won a giant popularity with the reading public. The Great Bridge (1972) recounted the building of Brooklyn Bridge. The book has served as the basis of a memorable documentary film, which was nominated for an Academy Award. David McCulloughs own voice was heard as the narrator of this film, and of The Johnstown Flood. In Mornings on Horseback (1981), McCullough recounted the youth of President Theodore Roosevelt. The book won him a second National Book Award, this time for Biography. In the 20 years since McCullough has taken an interesting interest in the lives and character of Americas presidents. He was awarded his first Pulitzer Prize in 1993 for his biography of President Truman, and is often called upon to discuss the presidency in the news media. At the time of his interview with the Academy of Achievement, David McCullough had begun work on a biography of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The second and third presidents were allies in the struggle for independence, but became unpleasant rivals in the early years of the republic. After their back-to-back presidencies, they resigned and carried on a warm and intriguing correspondence for the rest of their lives. By an unexpected coincidence, they died on the same day, July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of Americas independence. As his work on the book progressed, McCullough became increasingly intrigued with the character of John Adams. Convinced that Adams had not received his historic due, in comparison with the more celebrated Jefferson, McCullough decided to dedicate his entire book to Adams. The result topped The New York Times bestseller list from the week it went on sale, and won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Biography. McCullough continued to explore the events and personalities of the revolutionary era in 1776. In the process of writing the book, David McCullough was so interested in researching more on John Adams. He went back to the date of when John Adams had signed the Declaration of Independence and stopped researching on the date America had finally signed the Peace Treaty. All of the events that led up to then were all in chronological order and were in basic details. As he was researching, he came across General George Washington and decided to research him some more too. He had found out that due to his inexperienced self, the America’s had lost everything that they ever had. Eventually they gained it back, whenever they signed the Peace Treaty with Britain. While reading this book, I found out the basic history of the mid 1770’s and how America had gotten everything that they once owned back. David McCullough expressed the important dates very well. The way he started this book was marvelously outstanding. It actually allowed me to open and feel like I was there whenever I was reading it. Nothing else would have taught me so much more than this one. During the reading, I noticed how David McCullough kept mentioning General George Washington and his army. Seeing how he was not there whenever the wars and the Declaration of Independence was being signed, he managed to go back and research tons of information that allowed him to express his thoughts. It sort of inspired me to look further more into history about the United States.

Abraham Lincoln free essay sample

Improvement is like an angel that visits those in need. It knows no bounds in aiding people who begs its presence. In President Lincolns Second Inaugural Address, he summons this angel of improvement. With the final drops of blood having been spilled in the Civil War, Americans looked down the road, questioning that which lay ahead. Through his use of personification, parallelism, and biblical allusion, Lincoln swiftly and justly answered. Showing the poise of a man worthy of the title President, Lincoln demonstrates courage and forthrightness in the face of adversity. War can tear a country in two almost as fast as a bullet can hit a target. The Civil War did just that in the United States. Luckily, by the time Lincoln made his speech, the monster that was the American Civil War had speedily passed away. Lincoln refers to this war as a mighty scourge in order to allow the people to sink their teeth into just how bad it was. We will write a custom essay sample on Abraham Lincoln or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hundreds of thousands laid dead, millions injured, and half of America in ruins. Lincoln saw the anguish the nation faced and felt the people deserved to see it as well. Lincoln also talked of the need to bind up the nations wounds. He had realized countries were almost humanlike; they were made up of many parts and all were necessary for proper function. In America, the citizens were these tissues and organs, and there was no better way for them to come to the aide of their country than with a strong sense of nationalism. In a blaze of glory, Abraham Lincoln, using strong personification, helped restore a nation that was once clasped tight in the hands of chaos and destruction. The War Between the States, though appearing riled up by anger and fury, was actually extinguished through faith and fear. Lincolns use of parallelism in lines 61 and 62 helps to stomp down the remaining embers of the hostilities. Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray conveys Lincolns notion that even in a time of war, America was still bound together. It took all Americans to start the war, and all Americans to end it as well. Such syntax was meant to heal the people of the US and remind them of the strong brotherly bond they all held. Parallelism can also be seen from lines 70-76. Lincoln pleads that the people bury the hatchet and let bygones be bygones, having malice toward none and charity for all. His repetition of infinitive verbs is the ideal ending for his address, giving people the hope they need to push on for a better future. Littered throughout President Lincolns Second Inaugural Address are several biblical allusions and references. When discussing both blacks and whites, Lincoln states Both read the same Bible, and both pray to the same God. Such powerful words were meant to breakdown the barrier between blacks and whites in order to catalyze the rebuilding of the country. Lincoln also reminds the countrymen that The Almighty has his own purposes and the war could easily have been strung out longer. By talking about faith and God, Lincoln forces Americans to feel protected, united, and to want to do more for their ailing country. His rhetorical appeal to ethos also grows, as Lincoln comes off not as a man riddled by war, but as a man held in place by religion. Through this, Lincoln allows his argument for uniting America to truly come full circle. To finalize the analysis, Honest Abe sprinkles personification, parallelism, and biblical reference onto his inaugural address to open the eyes of the American people. The war was over, and there was no turning back. Rebuilding had to happen, and Lincoln made sure it would. Long gone were the days of families being torn and whole cities being burned. Whether black or white, North or South, Abraham Lincoln had to fix the people before he could fix the country. With an inaugural address that had something for everyone, Lincoln instilled the patriotism he himself felt into his fellow Americans.

The American Experience

The American Experience Introduction The United States of America is a country that is faced by several social issues that are both positive and negative. The family institution is an example of an institution faced with many issues such as divorce.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to court records, divorce is an act that has been practiced widely in the United States of America since the 1600s and by early 1880, one marriage ended up in divorce out of fourteen to sixteen married couples. According to Kreider and Fields (2001), out of 2.4 million marriages that are celebrated annually, 1.2 million divorces occur yearly in the United States of America. This has left sociologists asking themselves the reason behind the increasing rate of divorce in the American society. Divorce Divorce is defined as dissolution of marriage by the parties involved through a judgment by court of law or accepted customs. Divorce has been identified as a major problem in the United States based on the data obtained by research personnel, organizations, media centre’s and the cases filed and decided by the courts of law. According to Jennifer Baker, 50% of first marriages, 67 % of second marriages and 74% of third marriages end up in divorce in America. This shows how difficult it is to maintain one’s marriage in the United States due to the significance of marriage held by the Americans (Kreider Fields, 2001). According to Riley and Glenda (1991), divorce is most common in couples with three or more children, young married couples and couples with low economic status. Factors Influencing Divorce There are several factors that influence divorce among couples in the United States of America. Some of the factors include culture, age, and socioeconomic issues among others. Divorce has both its merits and demerits to the couples, the children and the society. Divorc e affects children as they may end up losing their communication ability with their opposite sex and it may affect their perception towards marriage (Kelly Emery, 2003). The problem of unrealistic expectations is one of the factors influencing divorce in the American society as many spouses do not rely on each other financially. They only rely on each other for sexual gratification, nurturance, affection and understanding for their happiness. In absence of these comforts, one or both of the couples will begin outsourcing the absent ingredients in the marriage thereby leading to divorce. Socioeconomic status of the spouses is another influencing factor in that marital success is facilitated by education and the income levels of the spouses. Education promotes the effectiveness of communication between couples with easy resolution of their differences. On the other hand, economic hardships generate stress and with increased hardships and disagreements over finances, emotional support between the spouses decreases thereby leading to divorce.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Life course variables are another factors influencing divorce. In a marriage, presence of children and the duration of marriage are incorporated by timing and duration of events. With respect to marriage age, young married couples tend to experience more problems than the couples who married at older ages and for this reason, they have higher chances of divorcing. Conclusion Many factors have been cited as the cause of divorce and they include culture, age, and socioeconomic issues among other factors. However, divorce as observed in the United States of America is promoted by the society as a whole and is highly welcomed and appreciated by the society despite the negative effects it has on the family both the couples and the children. Divorce has granted several couples their fr eedom and burdened others with added responsibilities of raising children on their own. References Kelly, J. B. Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s adjustment following divorce: risk and resilience perspective. Family Relations, 52, 352-362. Kreider, R. M. Fields, J. M. (2001). Number, timing, and duration of marriages and divorces: Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Riley, Glenda. (1991). Divorce: an American tradition. New York, NY: Oxford UP.

Review the impact of Belbin's team roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Review the impact of Belbin's team roles - Essay Example In the healthcare setup, teams have various functions and they play a pivotal role in the success of that given organisation. As such, this essay seeks to critically analyse the impact of Belbin’s team roles on the following areas: conflict management, leadership styles and decision making with reference to the attached case study. The essay will start by explaining the meaning of teamwork as well as outlining Belbin’s team roles and how they can be applied to the given case study in relation to different areas mentioned above. Different approaches to team roles Basically, a team is a group of people that has been formed to work together in common, cooperative action towards the achievement of an outcome and for the benefit of the group rather than for individual benefit (Schultz, 2005). The goal of teamwork is synergy whereby the sum of the individual efforts in the team is greater than the sum of the individual inputs. Thus, teams have different needs, and members sho uld be selected for a team on the basis of their personalities, skills and preferences (Robbins, 2003). Effective teams match people to various roles and these refer to patterns of behaviour attributed to a team member in a specific position in the team. Roles play a part in task building and relationship building towards the attainment of the set organisational goals. Dr R Meredith Belbin, a world renowned guru on team building identified eight distinct roles that people in teams play and it can be noted that people can and often do assume more than one of these roles (Henry & Stevens, 1990). Different roles that people play in teams include the following: chairman, plant, resource investigator, shaper, monitor/evaluator, company worker, team worker and completer/finisher. These different roles are going to be used in relation to the given case study in the discussion below. Situation analysis In the given case study, it can be noted that it involves inter professional working and focuses on the potential difficulties in achieving effective working relationships between practitioners from different professions with regards to a family that is negatively impacted by the abuse of drugs. Mary Brown has a habit of abusing drugs as well as alcohol and George Smith, the boyfriend is also a drug addict. The children, Joe, Lucy and Tom also have very bad behaviour as a result of their background as well as abuse of the drugs. In other words, this calls for concerted efforts by practitioners from different professions in order to meaningfully assist this family. The professionals involved in this case are Mark, the drug counselor, Ann, the social worker, Iva, the police, Iknowa the teacher and Imean the welfare officer. However, it appears that there is no mutual understanding among these professionals about the appropriate action that can be taken in order to effectively assist this family given that communication is not very effective. As such, this discussion is go ing to focus on the impact of Belbin’s team roles with regards to the case involving health and social care. Conflict management In any given organisation, it can be noted that conflict is regarded as a natural phenomenon, which is inevitable though it can be solved depending on the

Anecdote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anecdote - Essay Example This is precisely the reason why beauty of art and literature does not affect as anymore. In the meanwhile, art is also transforming humbly, digressing from its earlier norms and requiring more skills to analyze it and understand it. At the same time, no matter how obese Americans are, no matter how indifferent they have become towards political and economic issues around them, a desire of human contact and affection remains there. However, it is hard to identify if this need is sufficient enough to provoke one to notice beauty of life once again. Tuma mentioned that there are rays of hope still available by mentioning a dying lady who is more than willing to take care of nature and protect it. Hence, life has evolved, people even art has shown evolution. It’s just a matter of time when this change becomes acceptable and becomes part of our lives without making us socially ignorant. Part B In my view, anecdote is an interesting way of telling a story and creating main theme by using abstract ideas and symbolization. Detailed analysis of Tuma’s mannerism of telling an anecdote helped me in understanding that in order to tell a story, one does not need to be straight forward. One has to leave an element of surprise and let the reader think and get indulge in the story. Similarly, events defined should be interwoven effectively and whole fabrication must follow a logical pattern. However, the element of surprise must not be aggressive that readers find it hard to relate to anything that they are aware of. Simple example can be Tuma’s anecdote called ‘Shooting the Air’. When he began, the readers had no clue what he is about to talk about and this was... Anecdote is an interesting way of telling a story and creating main theme by using abstract ideas and symbolization. Detailed analysis of Tuma’s mannerism of telling an anecdote helped me in understanding that in order to tell a story, one does not need to be straight forward. One has to leave an element of surprise and let the reader think and get indulge in the story. Similarly, events defined should be interwoven effectively and whole fabrication must follow a logical pattern. However, the element of surprise must not be aggressive that readers find it hard to relate to anything that they are aware of. Simple example can be Tuma’s anecdote called ‘Shooting the Air’. When he began, the readers had no clue what he is about to talk about and this was precisely the gist of his writing, ignorance towards society and art. He began with simple cluster of unrelated event and went onto explanation of a dead man followed by Iraq war and Americans’ indiffere nce attitude towards government policies. By explaining series of unrelated events, he continued to demonstrate how art has evolved over the period of time; it is abstract with a certain degree of humility. Hence, reader continues to ponder what element he will discuss in the next paragraph. An anecdote has to have a degree of spontaneity and surprise in it which is what Tuma’s writing is all about.

Counselling and Guidance in Education

Counselling and Guidance in Education Guidance simply means instruction or direction. As a dictionary definition, â€Å"Guidance† means; help and advice about how to do something or about how to deal with problems connected with your work, education, or personal relationships. This term is strongly related with the profession of education as it is apparent from these definitions. For that reason a loose definition of â€Å"Guidance† specifically about education can be stated as â€Å"Information that is provided by the coach or teacher for the client to assist the learning of skills more effectively†. A term similar to guidance but different in some ways is called â€Å"Counseling†. The ACA (1997), adopted â€Å"Counseling† as the application of mental health, psychological, or human development principles, which are carried out through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systematic intervention strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology. Gustad, John W. Berdie, Ralph F. (1953), defined Counseling as a learning-centered process, carried on face to face in a relax environment . In this atmosphere a professionally competent counselor, seeks to aid the client by the appropriate methods to the clients needs. The aim of this process is to learn more about himself and accept himself and have an idea about how to put such understanding into effect in relation to more clearly perceived, realistically defined aims. Thus, at the end of this process, the client may become a happier and more productive member of his society. According to Sears, Susan Jones Coy, Doris Rhea. (1991), in the educational aspect, Counseling could be defined as assisting students to make them gain skills or competencies in some important domains such as personal-social, educational, and career domains. The counseling in schools should include allocating significant amounts of time to promote or team-teach developmental learning activities in the classrooms. In the school context, in order to manage efficient counseling to the students some issues should be emphasized highly in the counseling programs. For instance; Personal-Social Skills, Career Development Skills and Educational Skills of the students should be examined in detailed and carefully. Furthermore, while counselors trying to aid the students, they also must consult with parents, teachers, other educators, and various community agencies with the aim of to help these students to deal with more serious personal and educational problems, both individually and in small groups.( Sears, Susan Jones Coy, Doris Rhea,1991) Although today â€Å"Counseling Guidance† is an essence in any grade of the school, actually it is a relatively new aspect of education when the vast experience in the field of teaching is compared. Jesse B. Davis, first men who provided a systematical school guidance program as a curriculum into an English course achieve it only at the beginning of the 20th century. This late appearance of counseling can be explained by the pioneers and followers statements. Davis reasons his achievement after his being backed by a non-partisan school board in which Sears and Coy (1991) agreed by emphasizing the influence of the nature of school systems and principals and other administrators belief about counseling, in their article â€Å"The Scope of Practice of the Secondary School Counselor†. When School Counseling term first used in the early 1900s, it was actually referring to â€Å"Vocational Guidance†. Lambie (2004) states that this guidance was more like todays â€Å"Career Counseling† with a focus on the transition from school to work, giving importance to an appropriate client occupation match. It was just an enhancement for the post-school vocational adjustments of young people as Super (1955) indicated. What he did is mentioned in â€Å"School Counselor Job Description† (Garland, 2008); â€Å"In 1907, Jesse B. Davis became the principal of a high school and encouraged the school English teachers to use compositions and lessons to relate career interests, develop character, and avoid behavioral problems. From that grew systematic guidance programs, which later evolved into comprehensive school counseling programs that address three basic domains: academic development, career development, and personal/social development†. According to Schmidt (2003) Frank Parsons, who is generally referenced as the â€Å"Father of Guidance† was also focusing on supporting the youngs transition into a suitable vocation on the basis of a mutual benefit between the youngs desires and abilities and an occupations requirements and environment when he first opened his guidance clinic in Boston in January,1908. Parsons in his book â€Å"Choosing a Vocation† expressed his aim in guidance in three principles; A clear understanding of yourself, your interests, skills, aptitudes, ambitions, resources, limitations, and their causes. Knowledge of the requirements and conditions of success, advantages and disadvantages, compensation, opportunities, and prospects of different lines of work. True reasoning on the relation of these two groups of facts. Lambie (2004) states that E.G. Williamson expanded Parsons vocation guidance principles and created the â€Å"Trait and Factor theory† which was the first guidance and counseling theory in the 1930s. This theory simply means matching of personal abilities and aptitudes and job factors like salary and atmosphere and this type of counseling is known as â€Å"Directive† or â€Å"Counselor-Centered†. Later in his book â€Å"How to Counsel Students† (1939), Williamson expressed that he and his colleagues were associated with their directive or counselor-centered approach to school counseling. According to this approach, school counselors need to provide students with information and gather facts to influence and motivate at the same time. According to Lambie (2004) this directive administrative style of working with students is still an expectation of school counselors in the settings where school counselors expected to enable desired student behavior with mini mal input or contextual influence. According to what Burnham (2003) stated; as a historical fact until World War I which gave more reasons to test individuals, the term heavily used was â€Å"Guidance†. However after the Great Depression â€Å"Counseling† became a widely known term by all educators. As the time of World War II came, The U.S. government requested assistance from counselors for selecting military and industrial specialist which created a greater emphasis on psychological testing from then on. And that directly influenced school guidance in the end. Until 1940s, when Carl Rogers wrote the book â€Å"Counseling and Psychotherapy: New Concepts in Practice†, there was not such a great effect on the development of the counseling profession and modern counseling approaches as Schmidt (2003) stated. Until World War II, Freuds psychoanalytic therapy and Williamsons directive approach were the only foundational theoretical models. According to DeCarvolho(1990) Rogers psychological humanism movement appeared as a response to the mechanical reductionistic view of people which is extended by psychoanalytic and behavioral theories. As Dewey (2007) stated; Rogers practiced non-directive or person-centered therapy contrary to his predecessor and in this therapy the client determined his or her own direction of change. Dewey (2007) also stated that in his works Rogers first used the term â€Å"client† and later simply â€Å"person† instead of using â€Å"patient† as he was implying the voluntary search of his client s for a helping relationship other than an involuntary relationship. Cobia Henderson (2003, as cited in Lambie,2004)expressed that following the inception of Rogers work, the term guidance began to be replaced in the literature by counseling, within which guidance is encapsulated. What is certain from Bardhoshi (2009) is that throughout the century-long history of the profession of school counseling, school counselors roles have expanded and changed according to the focuses of each decade. However, in order to make counseling process effective almost always these two methods have been offered: individual or group counseling. There are some practical differences between these two types in the branch of school counseling. Basically, individual counseling is a relationship in which a counselor seeks to help children understand and accept themselves. It provides an opportunity for children to explore their feelings, abilities, and interests so that they make maximum use of their potential. On the other hand, group counseling is used for a wide range of student concerns and interests most of which are related with development like; making friends, being comfortable with physical changes, emotional decisions, and learning problem-solving skills.(Burnham,2003) In this article, we aim to compare these two methods in detail to find the better/superior style. As a matter of fact, both of these counseling types have some advantages disadvantages compared to the other one; however the frequency of use of them shows only a matter of preference. In the article â€Å"Understanding Individual and Group Counseling†(2009) it is mentioned that â€Å"Individual Counseling† is a type of counseling which aids people to make clear their concerns, investigate the results they have tried before, and at the end, assist them to find new strategies to deal with their problems. Learning new problem-solving or coping skills, increasing self-understanding, exploring life patterns, and gaining a better sense of how their surroundings influence them could be included in the individual counseling process. In a more educational aspect, individual counseling also could be defined as a collaborative process in which a unique, confidential helping relationship is developed between a counselor and a willing client (student). In this relationship, the role of the professional counselor is a facilitator to assist the student to have more accurate knowledge about him/herself and the world around him/her. In a cooperative way, both the counselor and student tries to explore the student s emotions and behaviors, relationships with others, choices and decisions, as well as the students s current situation. In individual counseling processes, at first, it is necessary that the counselor should collect some personal, intellectual and emotional information about the students. It will be quite helpful to the counselor, in order to decide which counseling strategies will be most appropriate and beneficial for the students. Moreover, in this process, new ambitions could be formed.( Understanding Individual and Group Counseling,2009). Murthy(2003) also suggests a list of features a counselor for individuals should have, like knowing; The details about the client including the people who are the most influential people on his/her life and problems itself, The social and cultural background of the client About the treatment Special techniques to facilitate a good communication, to improve motivation and problem solving skills and to provide support And having; A warm, genuine, understanding and caring attitude Good communication skills Respect for the client Objectivity On the other hand in the book of â€Å"Individual and group counseling in schools†(Dustin,Ehly,1989) the components of an effective individual counseling listed as the followings; Establishing a baseline Specificity in behavioral description, goal setting, and evaluation Contracting for behavioral change Using reinforcement procedures to strengthen behaviors Using extinction/ignoring to weaken behaviors Training students to monitor their own change programs As Cuizon(2009) stated there are several advantages of individual counseling. In individual counseling, counselors have an opportunity to employ with separated problems and they care for just one client at a time. Also, it is much easier for counselor to work out the information which was collected beforehand, apply the most appropriate and efficient treatment to the client and decide on the target attitude which needs to be enhanced. In individual counseling there may not be misrepresentations about the thoughts and behaviors of the client compared to group counseling. Depending on the decisions he makes, the client has a great power to change his own life for the much better. He is the center and most important element in this process which means that he can control his behavior and that the level of commitment and his being ambitious to work will dictate how successful he will be in developing new behaviors that clearly communicate his needs. According to Burnham(2003) individual counseling has some reasons of being so popular. The fundamental reason is the most of the schools being structured on classes and classroom teachers and teachers tendency to release one student at a time to be less disruptive. Another reason of popularity of individual counseling is the impression of being more practical and easy to schedule. For the last, the tendency of counselor training programs towards preferring individual counseling by illustrating theories, techniques, and etc. through individual processes. There are also some researches that are indicating the superiority of individual counseling over group counseling from some aspects. Aughinbaugh(1968) in his book claims that relying heavily on group instead of individual counseling resulted from the increases in the junior college enrollment which created a shortage of qualified guidance personnel. As a result of a â€Å"two-year research study†, the group of students counseled individually was rated significantly higher by their counselors in growth in self-understanding compared to other two control group. However this research also indicates that compared to group counseled students, individually counseled students didnt show any significant difference in persistence, academic achievement, or goal motivation. The real significant difference was between these two counseled groups and the 3rd group consisting of the students who are not assigned to either group or individual counseling sessions. Aughinbaugh(1968) concludes t hat as long as special attention is paid to counseling, students benefit regardless of the method. Aside having some advantages, individual counseling has some disadvantages. According to Simmerman(2007) in general, individual counseling sessions are economically less efficient than group therapy. Because of the lack of non-partial observers, role playing is limited to the individual and the therapist. Moreover compared to a group setting, likelihood of therapy sessions to fall into a rut where progress is stalled is higher. On the other hand, there is also another type of counseling named as Group counseling. Gwendolyn Cuizon (2009) states that, Group Counseling which is forwarded by William Glasser is more correspondents with the Control Theory later named as Choice Theory. According to this theory, the reason of all the living creatures controlling their behaviours is to accomplish their need for satisfaction in some of these five areas such as survival, to belong and be loved by others, to have power and importance, freedom and independence, and to have fun. Love and belongingness are the most significant ones among them. This kind of feeling is promoted with the help of the group counseling. Group counseling has great influence on the feeling of being connected to others. Tricia Ellis-Christensen (2003), claims that Group counseling is a form of therapy, which establishes a viewpoint that people benefit from shared experiences.. While a therapist usually carries out group counseling, actually the contributions of other members in the group are considered quite valuable, for most of the people in the group, more or less share similar issues or experiences. In the Group counseling, the individuals take place that are experiencing some difficulties related with the personal, educational, social, vocational issues which they hope to solve. ( Corey Corey, 1992). In group counseling process, the focus could be the aims such as relating better to their families, becoming organized, or relaxing in the presence of supervisors at work the person achieved. Gladding, Samuel T. (1994) says that, in starting group counseling, making decisions in advance is a vital issue. In other words; the first step in this process is pregroup planning. In order to relinquish productive and pragmatic results for participants, at first leaders should design groups. Objectives, membership, rules, time, place, and dynamics are the most important considerations in this process. Gladding, Samuel T. (1994) states that rules to control the people in the groups should be few brief and clear, so that counseling groups run in the best way. If there are a great many of rules, there will be a tendency in some members to forget some of these rules. Also, if the rules are not so clear, some of them will be definitely broken by some of the members In group counseling, â€Å"the time and place† are quite significant issues. Gladding, (1994) says that â€Å"Although counseling groups vary, members need a specific, consistent time and place to meet. Most groups meet for one and one half to two hours each week for 12 to 16 sessions. The meeting room should be quiet and inviting and away from other activities. Groups work best when chairs are arranged in circles where everyone feels a sense of equality with one another and the flow of communication is enhanced† (Gladding, 1994). Childers Couch, 1989 states that the group leaders have also quite significant role in this process. Effective group leaders should investigate potential members before they accept them. In the group counseling, the ideal group size is 8 to 12.By this way; members have a chance to express themselves without forming into subgroups. Feedback and explanation can be utilized by leaders; as a result they can immediately clarify and correct misunderstandings. According to Corey Corey, (1992), Some important variable techniques should be employed by leaders of effective counseling groups .In the below there are the most important ones among the many techniques: Active Listening: In this technique leaders should be sensitive to the language, tone, and nonverbal gestures surrounding members messages; Linking: with the help of this one, leaders help members recognize their similarities; Blocking: Leaders keep unfocused members from disrupting the group by either redirecting them or preventing them from monopolizing conversations Summarizing: In this technique leaders assist members recognize what has occurred and how the group and its members have changed. Apart from these techniques above , there are also other vital skills such as Empathy, personal warmth, courage, flexibility, inquiry, encouragement, and the ability to confront. Vivian V. Ripley, Gary E. Goodnough states there are also some strategies which are quite successful in planning and implementing group counseling. They strongly believe that when these strategies were implemented correctly and effectively, the solutions will be rather helpful for the students. Briefly, they name the strategies as Logistical Strategies (School Structure and Student Need) Developing Awareness, Policy Considerations, Access to Students, Counselor Planning and Preparation Group Procedures, Counselor Preparation Co-leaders. Group counseling has a great many of advantages to assist the people to resolve their problems. One of the main principals of group counseling is the idea that dealing with specific issues may cause isolation, and also the person could feel himself alone while facing or dealing with his problems. Group counselings aim is to cancel out this isolation feeling by forming an atmosphere where the people with almost same problems could come together and share their thoughts feelings or difficulties. Thus, people could realize that these problems are not singular to one person.and this will be quite helpful to person to handle his problems more easily.( Tricia Ellis-Christensen (2003)) Gladding, Samuel T. (1994) claims that people have natural tendency to gather in groups for mutually beneficial purposes., individuals carry out their goals and also much more innovative and productive ways having an interaction other group members with the help of the groups. He also asserts that, without involving in groups surviving would be impossible for the people.. Gwendolyn Cuizon(2009),says that â€Å"Group counseling is better than individual counseling when it comes to developing new behaviors that clearly communicate their needs and help in attaining fulfillment in the reality. Group therapy considers the key elements of what the group are looking for and what will make their life better, what the group will do to bring about what they want and how they are able to make alternative options and come up with common plan.† He also claims that with the help of the Group counseling members have a great opportunity to learn with and from other people in the group .and also they could be able to recognize their own ways of thoughts and behaviors, as well as those of others. Attitudes and behavior patterns that are limiting and difficult to see in self could be seen by other people. In order to receive genuine support, honest feedback, and useful alternatives from peers a group is a quite a good chance. Besides the advantages of group counseling, according to the some researcher, there are also disadvantages of this counseling type. For instance, Gwendolyn Cuizon (2009),mentions that the movement and involvement of the group members could be insufficient in group counseling. Reflecting too many feelings and listening to too many long stories could be a problem for both the leaders and the other members in the group. There is also an option that the group leader couldnt use enough creative techniques to get and hold the attention of the group members. When techniques arent supported with theory and focusing the group sessions arent focused sufficiently, the productivity and the efficiency of the group counseling dramatically decreases. As all the researchers stated the use of these counseling types is a matter of preference. Etc. etc.. In schools, counseling to the students should be carried out both individually and in small groups. Counselors, in schools, must always allot some time for counseling students about their personal-social problems. Moreover, in some cases, counselors may need to utilize newer theoretical approaches, such as brief therapy, in order to be as effective as possible in a limited number of sessions.( Sears, Susan Jones Coy, Doris Rhea,1991)

Juxtaposition between Mattie and Zeena in Ethan Frome Essay -- essays

According to the Microsoft Word Encarta Dictionary, juxtaposition is to place two or more things, side by side, in order to emphasize contrasts and similarities between them. Edith Wharton deliberately places the characters of Mattie Silver and Zeena Frome together in the novel Ethan Frome to compare and contrast them. Although Mattie has only recently been exposed to Starkfield, Zeena's has lived in there for seven despondent years. Wharton's intent was to make the reader accustomed to seeing Zeena and Mattie in such harsh comparison, thus making the climatic ending extremely ironic. Throughout the novel, Wharton accentuates characteristic of Zeena's and Mattie's character such as their physical appearances which creates conflict in the interactions of the women with Ethan and consequently each other, until ironically the two characters finally fuse and become one. Despite the common clichà ©, ?don?t judge a book by its cover,? you never get a second chance to make a first impression, most first impressions are derived from appearance. Edith Wharton harshly juxtaposes the appearances of Mattie and Zeena, to such an extreme that it almost seems bias. From the beginning of the novel, Zeena is depicted as an old and ?repugnant? (46) housewife. Substantial background information is not given, nor causes for her worn out and ?bloodless? (53) demeanor. ?Though she was but seven years her husband?s senior, she was already an old woman.? (53) In harsh comparison, Mattie is portrayed as a youthful, vivacious woman, yet with natural beauty. This drastic juxtaposition is black and white, with no grey areas, just the strong Mattie and the feeble Zeena. However, the colors used to describe Mattie and Zeena are not black and white, they each ... ...tie so sweet and kindhearted, was for the readers to feel sympathy for Ethan, who is in a lifelong commitment with Zeena. Wharton made the ending, when Zeena and Mattie became one, ironic, through the use of juxtaposition and creating characters with significant differences between them. Wharton possessing the skill of juxtaposition added depth and irony to the book, but when the reader realizes her underlying purpose, Ethan Frome and Mattie Silver no longer deserve the sympathy they received all book. Zeena, throughout the book, was looked at too harshly, not realizing the underlying reasons for her ugliness and depression, and deserves the readers sympathy. This book expresses many insightful accounts of the life of Ethan Frome, but it?s the ideas Wharton doesn?t mention, and the secrets she withheld from the reader that effects one?s perceptive on the characters.

What are the key similarities and differences between Freud and Jung’s theories of dreams?

Introduction Historically, dreams have often been given cultural significance all over the world, and various speculations abound on the origin and function of this intriguing phenomenon. However, it was the pioneering work of Freud in the late 19th Century which truly revolutionised the way dreams are discussed in much contemporary discourse. Although as a theory it is unfalsifiable and does not easily lend itself to empirical investigation, it subsequently remains somewhat outside of the conventional scientific approach to the study of psychological phenomena, as do the ideas of Jung. Psychodynamic theories have nonetheless been influential particularly with regard to dreams since their exact purpose and the genesis of their content is not demonstrably explicable in terms of mechanistic perspectives on sleep and mind. Clearly then these theories appeal to people, and they have resulted in psychotherapeutic methods of analysis that have been helpful to some people (Freud, 1940). With this in min d, this essay will seek to establish the individual contributions of Freud and Jung, where they concur and where their theories come into conflict. In order to do this each theory must first be outlined. Freud ascribed a crucial central position of dreams in his overall model of the psyche (Jones, 1913). He saw dreams as indicative of pathologies and emotions affecting conscious life, either directly or through the action of his proposed concept of the unconscious. Freud believed that in fact the majority of the mental processes governing an individual’s thoughts, feelings and therefore behaviour, take place in the unconscious mind, and that an intrinsic censor keeps these processes and underlying drives from conscious awareness (Freud, 1922). This unconscious-conscious distinction is necessary, Freud argues, because the feelings evoked by conscious knowledge of true motivational drives and internal struggles would be unacceptable, and therefore these must be hidden in the un conscious. These unacceptable notions only become available to consciousness in transformed appearance; becoming something analogous but more acceptable to the individual. One of the primary ways Freud supposed that the unconscious communicated its contents to the conscious mind was via dreams. The actual experienced content of dreams Freud names the manifest content, whereas the true meaning of the dream as it is stored in the unconscious was dubbed the latent content (Freud, 1900). Through the method of psychoanalysis, utilising such techniques as free association and projective methods using external stimuli, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, Freud believed the latent content of dreams could be uncovered, and that the revelation of this information In the light of consciousness could alleviate many neurotic symptoms (Fenichel, 2006). As far as Freud was concerned, dreams communicate their message through symbolic means. Images encountered in dreams represent some aspect of the dreamer’s psyche and their interpretation can result in profound insights into the inner life of an individual. For Freud, the meaning of certain dream symbols could be ubiquitous between individuals; if one person was dreaming of the Eiffel tower then this could be interpreted in much the same way as if another person were also dreaming of the Eiffel tower. The only way the interpretation would differ would be in regard to the dream context; that is, the place the object of the Eiffel tower occupied in relation to other dream objects, the motifs and themes involved in the dream as well as more ambient feelings surrounding dream objects. Therefore, two dreams involving the Eiffel tower could be interpreted quite differently, but the symbolic Eiffel tower could be said to have similar if not synonymous meaning between persons, according to Freud (1954). A key aspect of Freud’s theory of the unconscious is that the ego (the symbolic self) develops defence mechanisms to p rotect itself from thoughts and feelings that it finds unacceptable, typically these are feelings of inadequacy, social comparisons or unbearable desires of some kind. This arsenal of defence mechanisms includes repression, denial, sublimation and projection. This list is not comprehensive but these are the primary mechanisms by which feelings that are deemed harmful to the ego are exiled to the unconscious (Freud, 2011). In Freud’s theory, these unconscious desires and feelings then manifest themselves symbolically in dreams through almost universally recognisable and interpretable symbols. Another aspect of this theory is that dream objects may form categories. In other words, different but perhaps similar objects may mean the same thing in terms of latent content. One classic example of a semantic category of this kind is phallic symbols; essentially anything cylindrical is often interpreted to denote a phallus, or more abstract ‘power’ (Orrells, 2013). The dr eam analysis would then proceed with the latent content supplanted in the place of the manifest content, and the true meaning of the dream could be interpolated depending on the dream context. Freud was essentially working towards an encyclopaedic knowledge of the meaning behind each dream symbol (Freud, 1900) and although there was some acknowledgement that these symbols could be represented differently between diverse people, much of his theory lacks generalizability. This point becomes especially relevant when it is remembered that his theory was developed using only qualitative data obtained from neurotics (Freud, 1922). As a contemporary of Freud’s, Jung developed his theories largely without his input. When the two met they found that most of their ideas regarding the unconscious and its expression in dreams were compatible if not identical. However, there were some key areas of divergence; chiefly there are new concepts introduced by Jung, and disagreements over the ex act nature of the unconscious. Despite specific differences, there is no denying the striking similarity of the theories with regard to the genesis of dreams, the structure of the individual psyche and to a large extent the interpretation of dream content. Freud and Jung agreed that dreams harbour feelings, thoughts and desires which are unacceptable or painful to conscious awareness. Jung took this notion a step further and coined the term ‘complex’. A complex centres on a certain theme which pervades a person’s life again and again in many different ways. It must be a recurring theme which profoundly influences the psychology of the individual. Unlike the more general terms used by Freud, the idea of a complex provides a more structured way of understanding an individual’s unconscious expressions through the methods used in psychoanalysis, and the term was adopted by Freud into his psychology (Schultz and Schultz, 2009). Jung also introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, as he felt that Freud’s formulation of the unconscious was apt when applied to the individual, but incomplete as it could not account for the consistency of certain dream themes and even specific symbols between individuals (Jung, 1981). Jung believed that the consistency of dreams between individuals was best explained by introducing a new level to the unconscious; a communal level where universally relevant archetypal symbols filter in disguised form into the conscious awareness of individuals through dreams. These archetypes are fundamental aspects of life which apply to all people, and as such are ingrained in some way in all cultures, but are expressed differently between cultures in their respective myths, legends and deities. For Jung, archetypal images include that of the mother, to give an idea of the sort of motifs supposedly inherent in the collective unconscious. Although Freud would later acknowledge the idea of a collective unconsc ious (Jung, 1936), he still did not attribute particular importance to it like Jung did, seeing it as more of an ‘appendix’ to the personal unconscious. The collective unconscious was of paramount importance in Jung’s theory of dreams; he supposed that many dream images and themes could be interpreted as representing archetypes present in the collective unconscious (Jung, 1981). It is necessary here to delve a little further into Jung’s theory of the general human psyche to fully appreciate his perspective on dreams. Jung believed the ultimate goal of life was ‘individuation’ (Jung, 1923), which refers to the unification of personality, and an acknowledgment of all unconscious impulses. This integration of the unconscious with consciousness can only occur with the two still operating in relative autonomy but with the conscious mind achieving a degree of acceptance of the unconscious; both the collective and personal unconscious that is. Until individuation can be achieved, the individual must continue to attempt to differentiate themselves from the collective consciousness through the establishment of an individual persona. The persona is shaped through the processes of socialisation and individual experience and therefore the persona an individual choses to project may not truly reflect how they are feeling or thinking. Jung argued this persona is also shaped by the collective unconsciousness, and this struggle for individuation against the archetypes, and the strain felt by wearing the persona like a ‘mask’ is expressed in dreams (Jung, 1923). The idea of integrating opposites features heavily in Jung’s theories, and he believed that dreams could be expressions of this internal struggle, which is a perspective shared by Freud. However, it is clear that there is disagreement on the origins of the internal struggles; for Freud they arise only from the pressure of individual desires which are deemed as unacceptable by the conscious mind, whereas Jung saw in dreams the process of socialisation via exposure to the collective unconscious and the archetypes, while at the same time the ego struggles against such influence for the possibility of individuation. It can be gleamed from this description of the theories of Jung compared to those of Freud that Jung’s had more of a spiritual aspect to them. The idea of a collective unconscious inhabited by concepts that are familiar to all people does have an air of transcendence compared to the personal unconscious, which is concerned only with the unbearable thoughts of the one individual concerned. The objectivist worldview of Freud can be clearly contrasted here with that of Jung who did not discount spiritual perspectives, but saw in them analogies, representations and affirmations of his own concepts, albeit expressed with some artistic licence and cultural influence. The goal of individuation, Jung thought, was at the mystical h eart of all religions, whereas the collective unconscious gave rise to all manner of representations in religious texts. This brings us to another way in which the theories differ. Freud conceptualised the unconscious as being overwhelmingly focused on negative emotions and thoughts concerning the ego. The complex for Freud was always a malevolent phenomenon. Jung did not believe this necessarily had to be the case, and stipulated that the unconscious could contain desires, thoughts and feelings of any emotional valence. Jung believed that the contents of the personal unconscious could have been repressed from consciousness for any number of reasons, which differs drastically from the opinion of Freud who believed that this was only possible through the activation of the defence mechanisms he conceived of. Indeed, Jung saw many of the archetypes as benign abstractions (Jung, 1981) shared by all cultures which are universally effective in shaping the socialisation of all members of a society. Jung’s theory then has greater scope, in encapsulating the macro-level influences which affect all people as well as individual tendencies expressed in dreams; Freud focused to heavily perhaps on the individual and their immediate relations. Both Freud and Jung believed that unconscious underlying emotions for certain concepts drive external behaviour, the primary disagreement is over the placement of these emotional drives. Jung proposed that images filter up from the collective unconscious and are given individualised guises appropriate to each individual (but they nonetheless represent the same archetype). Feelings regarding this archetype arise from personal experience and inherent inclinations. These feelings are then expressed in the personal unconscious through dreams and take on personal significance in the conscious mind. In Freud’s theory, the process of unconscious expression takes place solely in the personal unconscious and is concerned with emot ions, thoughts and desires surrounding personal relationships and experience (Williams, 1963). Both of these psychodynamic theorists saw dreams as a key diagnostic tool in psychotherapy. However, there was some divergence in interpretative technique; primarily that Jung did not believe that the meaning of one dream symbol could be transferred effectively between people. To reuse the earlier example, to dream of the Eiffel tower could be interpreted completely differently depending on who dreamed it, their personal circumstances and the dream context. The dream image of the Eiffel tower for Jung does not inherently mean anything in and of itself. Although both methods of interpretation have resulted in the lessening of neurotic symptoms for some patients (Freud, 1954; Jung, 1936) the fact that these theories are essentially speculative cannot be overlooked lightly. Both Freud and Jung attached paramount significance to dreams in the functioning of the human mind, reading great meanin g into sometimes seemingly arbitrary dream images, but the fact that these theories cannot be empirically tested and rely on mainly neurotic patients for the acquisition of evidence is a serious criticism of both theories. The purpose of dreams is another area in which these theories put forward different views. Both theorists agree that the unconscious is expressed in dreams, but Jung adds that socialisation occurs through exposure to the collective unconscious, and individuation is sought through the establishment of an appropriate place for the ego in relation to the archetypes (Jung, 1936). Therefore, dreaming is a process of growth for Jung, whereas Freud saw dreams as expressive and in need of interpretation for them to really be of use to the dreamer. A common theme in both theories though when it comes to the purpose of dreams is compensation. In psychoanalytic theory, it is assumed that dreams can arise to compensate for a conscious attitude thus balancing the position of t he ego, this perspective is shared by both Jung and Freud. In a compensatory dream, the dreamer may be expressing a contrary attitude to one consciously held, although this would occur in disguised form as the manifest content in the dream. This assumption would factor into the psychoanalytic strategy employed by both theorists, where they would most notably differ would be in their interpretation of the meaning of certain symbols; whether they represent archetypes (as in Jung’s theory) or are analogous to personal relationships with people or objects in conscious life (as in Freud’s theory). To conclude, there initially appears to be many more similarities than differences between the theories of Freud and Jung regarding dreams. Both postulate the existence of an unconscious which expresses itself with symbolic images through dreams for the purpose of compensation; both see the interpretation of the unconscious expression as potentially beneficial, and the pathology o f neuroses is seen to have a causal influence in the unconscious desire. Despite these fundamental similarities there is also much divergence. Most of the theoretical difference is created by the proposition of the collective unconscious by Jung. This introduces a spiritual element, and an additional purpose of dreaming, which involves communing with archetypal forms to establish personal identity, and maintain a properly socialised persona. This is mostly incompatible with Freudian theory, which takes a more objective view and focuses on patterns of unconscious expression within the personal unconscious between individuals, seeking to establish a universal method of dream interpretation, something Jungian theory would deem impossible. References Fenichel, O. (2006). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. London: Routledge. Freud, A. (2011). The ego and the mechanisms of defence. Exeter: Karnac Books. Freud, S. (1900). Distortion in dreams. The interpretation of dreams, 142-143. Freud, S. (1922). The unconscious. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 56(3), 291-294. Freud, S. (1940). An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21, 27-84. Freud, S. (1954). The origins of psycho-analysis (p. 216). M. Bonaparte, & W. Flie? (Eds.). New York: Basic Books. Jones, E. (1913). Freud’s theory of dreams. London, England: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological types: or the psychology of individuation. Oxford, England: Harcourt, Brace Jung, C. G. (1936). The concept of the collective unconscious. Collected works, 9(1), 42. Jung, C. G. (1981). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (Vol. 9). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Orrells, D. (2013). Freud’s Phallic Symbol. Classical Myth and Psychoanalysis: Ancient and Modern Stories of the Self, 39. Shultz, D. and Shultz, S. (2009). Theories of Personality (9th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Williams, M. (1963). The indivisibility of the personal and collective unconscious. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 8(1), 45-50.

Jollibee Business Plan - 1126 Words

JOLLIBEE PHILIPPINES BUSINESS PLAN Evelyn A. Gaspar BSBA – IV AM Description of Business Jollibee is a well-known fast-food restaurant in the Philippines offering food great tasting and great value food. It has attained success from its humble beginnings. In 1975, Tony tan Caktiong, the founder of Jollibee and his family opened up a Magnolia ice cream parlor in Cubao, Quezon City. Sometime in 1978, Caktiong and his brothersand sisters engaged the services of a management consultant, Manuel C. Lumba. Lumba shifted the business focus from ice cream to burgers after studies proved that a much larger market was waiting to be served. Tony considered Lumba’s advice. So, he came up with the decision to fully transform his business†¦show more content†¦Description of Products and Services Jollibee is an American-style fast-food restaurant with Filipino-influenced dishes specializing in burgers, spaghetti, chicken and some local Filipino dishes. 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